Amide

An amide is a compound in which a carbonyl carbon is bonded directly to nitrogen. Its nitrogen may also be bonded to hydrogen, carbon, or both.

Carbonyl group: A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen. The carbonyl carbon is the defining attachment point in an amide.
Amide resonance: Delocalization of nitrogen’s lone pair into an adjacent carbonyl group. This electron sharing gives the C–N bond partial double-bond character.
Peptide bond: The amide linkage joining amino acids in peptides and proteins. It is the biologically central amide bond, formed between amino-acid residues.
Ester: An organic compound in which a carbonyl carbon is bonded to an –OR group. Esters resemble amides structurally, but oxygen replaces nitrogen beside the carbonyl.
Nitrogen: A chemical element with atomic number 7 that forms bonds in many organic compounds. Nitrogen bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon distinguishes amides from other carbonyl compounds.
Amide bond: The carbon–nitrogen bond in an amide, often called a peptide bond in proteins. Its restricted rotation and stability follow from resonance across the amide group.
Polyamide: A polymer whose repeating units are linked by amide groups. Polyamides such as nylon use amide bonds to build durable fibers and materials.
Carbamate: A compound containing a carbonyl bonded to both nitrogen and oxygen through single bonds. Carbamates combine features of amides and esters and are classified separately.
Carboxylic acid: An organic compound containing a carboxyl group, –COOH. Replacing its hydroxyl group with nitrogen gives a common route to an amide.
Amide hydrolysis: The cleavage of an amide bond by water, producing a carboxylic acid or derivative and an amine or ammonium ion. Hydrolysis reverses amide formation but is often slow without acid, base, or enzymes.

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