Analgesia

Analgesia is the reduction or absence of pain without necessarily causing unconsciousness. It can result from drugs, procedures, or changes in nervous-system activity.

Nociception: Nociception is the nervous system’s detection and processing of potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. It is the sensory process analgesia can suppress without necessarily altering consciousness.
Pain: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Analgesia reduces this experience, which is not identical to detecting harmful stimuli.
Paracetamol: Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic whose precise mechanism remains incompletely understood. It is a common option for reducing mild-to-moderate pain without causing general anesthesia.
Opioid use disorder: Opioid use disorder is a problematic pattern of opioid use associated with significant impairment or distress. Repeated opioid analgesia can contribute to this disorder in some patients.
Opioid receptor: An opioid receptor is a cell-surface protein that responds to endogenous opioid peptides and opioid drugs. Activating these receptors can reduce pain transmission in the brain and spinal cord.
Allodynia: Allodynia is pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain. It illustrates how altered sensory processing can make ordinary input painful.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is a medicine that reduces pain, fever, and inflammation, often by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. These drugs are used when inflammation contributes to pain.
Opioid-induced respiratory depression: Opioid-induced respiratory depression is dangerously reduced breathing caused by opioid effects on brainstem respiratory control. It is a potentially life-threatening complication of opioid analgesia.
Cyclooxygenase: Cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that helps produce prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain sensitization. Nonsteroidal analgesics reduce prostaglandin production by inhibiting this enzyme.
Hyperalgesia: Hyperalgesia is an increased pain response to a stimulus that normally causes pain. It is the opposite change in pain sensitivity from analgesia.

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