Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry develops and applies methods to identify substances and determine their composition, structure, and quantity.

Chromatography: A family of methods that separates mixture components through their different movement between stationary and mobile phases. Separation resolves mixture components before identification or measurement.
Analyte: The substance or chemical constituent being identified or measured in an analysis. Every analytical method begins with a defined target in the sample.
Clinical chemistry: The laboratory analysis of bodily fluids to diagnose disease and monitor health. Clinical tests use chemical measurements to assess biomarkers and organ function.
Synthetic chemistry: The design and execution of chemical reactions to produce specified compounds. Synthesis makes compounds; analysis determines what a sample contains.
Robert Bunsen: A German chemist known for laboratory methods, spectroscopy, and the Bunsen burner. His collaboration with Gustav Kirchhoff helped establish spectroscopic element identification.
Mass spectrometry: An analytical technique that measures ions by their mass-to-charge ratios. Ion mass patterns help identify compounds and quantify them in mixtures.
Analytical standard: A material with known identity or composition used to calibrate or validate an analytical measurement. Standards anchor measurements to known chemical quantities.
Environmental monitoring: The systematic measurement of environmental conditions and contaminants over time. Chemical analysis reveals pollutants and tracks their levels in air, water, and soil.
Physical chemistry: The study of the physical principles underlying chemical systems and transformations. Physical chemistry explains chemical behavior, while analytical chemistry measures composition and properties.
Gustav Kirchhoff: A German physicist whose work with Robert Bunsen established key principles of spectroscopy. Their spectral analysis showed that elements produce distinctive emission lines.

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