Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist who built a major steel business in the United States and later funded libraries, universities, and other public institutions.

Dunfermline: A Scottish town and former center of linen weaving, where Andrew Carnegie was born in 1835. Carnegie's childhood there preceded his family's emigration to the United States.
Carnegie Steel Company: The steel company Andrew Carnegie built into a leading American producer before its 1901 sale. It was the central business through which Carnegie accumulated his fortune.
Carnegie libraries: Public libraries built with funds donated by Andrew Carnegie and the Carnegie Corporation. Carnegie's library grants made public access to books a central part of his philanthropy.
United States Steel Corporation: An American steel corporation formed in 1901 through the consolidation of Carnegie Steel and other companies. Its creation made Carnegie's sale of his steel interests a defining corporate transaction.
Scottish immigration to the United States: The movement of people from Scotland to the United States across several centuries. Carnegie's family joined this migration when they left Scotland in 1848.
Vertical integration: A business strategy in which a company controls multiple stages of its supply chain. Carnegie Steel linked raw materials, transport, and steelmaking to reduce costs and dependence on suppliers.
Carnegie Mellon University: A Pittsburgh research university formed from institutions founded by Andrew Carnegie and Andrew Mellon. Carnegie founded the technical school that became one of its predecessor institutions.
J. P. Morgan: An American financier who organized the formation of United States Steel in 1901. Morgan negotiated the purchase of Carnegie Steel that made Carnegie one of the world's wealthiest people.
Allegheny City: A former Pennsylvania city, now part of Pittsburgh, where Carnegie grew up after emigrating. Its mills and telegraph offices offered Carnegie his first American jobs.
Bessemer process: An industrial method for producing steel by blowing air through molten pig iron to remove impurities. Carnegie's mills adopted steelmaking technology that enabled faster, cheaper production.

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