Anti-colonialism

Anti-colonialism is political opposition to colonial rule and to the domination of one people by another. It encompasses movements and ideas seeking self-determination, independence, or the end of colonial power.

Scramble for Africa: The rapid European conquest and partition of most of Africa during the late nineteenth century. The conquest intensified opposition to foreign rule across the continent.
Frantz Fanon: A Martinican psychiatrist and writer whose works analyzed colonial violence, racism, and liberation. His account of colonial power and revolutionary struggle remains a major anti-colonial text.
Colonialism: A system in which a state controls and exploits a territory and its people beyond its own borders. Anti-colonialism takes this system of external rule as its central target.
Nonviolent resistance: Political action that confronts power without using physical violence. It contrasts with anti-colonial movements that treated armed struggle as necessary.
Non-Aligned Movement: A coalition of states that sought independence from the Cold War blocs and promoted cooperation. Many newly independent countries carried anti-colonial principles into international diplomacy.
Haitian Revolution: A revolution from 1791 to 1804 that ended French rule in Saint-Domingue and established Haiti. It became an early, decisive example of enslaved people overthrowing colonial power.
Mahatma Gandhi: An Indian political leader who organized mass campaigns against British rule using nonviolent resistance. His strategy showed how disciplined mass action could challenge an empire.
Self-determination: The principle that a people should determine its political status and govern itself. It supplied a central claim for demands to end colonial rule.
Armed struggle: Organized use of weapons and military force to pursue political aims. Some liberation movements adopted it where peaceful opposition was suppressed.
Third Worldism: A political project advocating solidarity among countries facing colonialism, underdevelopment, or great-power domination. It recast anti-colonial struggle as a shared challenge to global inequality.

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