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The 21 pages that link to Antigenic variation, each with the reason it gives.

• Genetic recombinationRelated: Recombination can generate new antigen variants in pathogens such as trypanosomes.

• PathogenRelated: Changing recognizable antigens can help pathogens evade existing immunity.

• PlasmodiumRelated: Plasmodium falciparum changes infected-cell surface proteins during infection.

• MycoplasmaRelated: Surface-protein variation in some mycoplasmas can complicate immune clearance.

• Viral envelopeRelated: Changes in envelope proteins can help viruses evade antibodies and alter vaccine effectiveness.

• Bacterial capsuleRelated: Changing capsule composition can alter the antigens exposed to immune defenses.

• Neisseria meningitidisRelated: Variation in meningococcal surface structures helps sustain carriage despite immune responses.

• Pneumococcal vaccineRelated: Variation among pneumococcal capsules means vaccines cannot target every strain with a few antigens.

• Treponema pallidumRelated: Variation in the TprK surface protein helps T. pallidum persist despite immune responses.

• Trypanosoma cruziRelated: T. cruzi surface molecules help it interact with host defenses, though its persistence is not explained by one variation system.

• Capsular polysaccharideRelated: Capsule switching can change pneumococcal serotype and undermine type-specific immunity.

• Neisseria gonorrhoeaeRelated: Gonococci repeatedly change pilus and surface-protein antigens, limiting durable immune recognition.

• KinetoplastidRelated: Trypanosoma brucei periodically changes its surface coat to evade antibody responses.

• Whooping coughRelated: Changes in pertussis antigens are studied as one factor in vaccine-era resurgence.

• NeisseriaRelated: Changing surface structures helps Neisseria persist despite antibody responses.

• TrypanosomaRelated: Trypanosoma brucei repeatedly switches its variant surface glycoprotein to evade antibodies.

• Typhoid vaccineRelated: Changes in Salmonella Typhi populations could influence how well existing vaccines protect.

• BorreliaRelated: Relapsing-fever Borrelia repeatedly changes surface antigens, allowing successive waves of infection.