Arabic grammar

Arabic grammar is the system governing word formation, sentence structure, and grammatical relationships in Arabic. It includes morphology, syntax, and patterns of agreement and inflection.

Arabic morphology: The study of how Arabic words are formed and inflected. It explains the patterns and affixes that shape Arabic nouns and verbs.
Arabic i'rab: The inflectional marking of grammatical case and mood on Arabic words, especially through final vowels or their substitutes. It makes grammatical relations visible through changes at word endings.
Sibawayh: An eighth-century Arab grammarian whose book al-Kitāb became a foundational work of Arabic grammar. His systematic account helped establish the classical grammatical tradition.
Classical Arabic: The historical literary form of Arabic used in premodern writing and scholarship. Traditional grammatical descriptions primarily codify this literary language.
Arabic syntax: The rules governing how words and phrases combine into Arabic sentences. It describes sentence structure alongside the word-level rules of Arabic grammar.
Arabic nominal sentence: An Arabic sentence organized around a topic and predicate, commonly without an overt verb meaning “to be.” It shows how Arabic can express a clause without a verbal predicate.
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi: An eighth-century Arab philologist associated with early Arabic lexicography, prosody, and grammatical scholarship. His work shaped the scholarly methods used by early grammarians.
Modern Standard Arabic: The modern formal variety of Arabic used across countries in writing, education, and official communication. It preserves much classical grammar while serving contemporary formal use.
Arabic root: A set of usually three consonants underlying a family of related Arabic words. Roots connect related words across the language’s derivational patterns.
Arabic verbal sentence: An Arabic sentence organized around a verb, often followed by its subject and other complements. Its common verb–subject order contrasts with the topic-first nominal sentence.

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