Armenia

Armenia was an ancient kingdom in the Armenian Highlands, situated between Roman and Parthian spheres of power and often contested by both.

Urartu: An Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van that flourished in the Armenian Highlands. Urartu preceded Armenian kingdoms in the highlands and shaped the region’s political landscape.
Roman–Parthian Wars: A series of conflicts between Rome and the Parthian Empire over territory and influence in western Asia. Armenia repeatedly became a contested frontier in these wars.
Tiridates I of Armenia: A king of Armenia from the Arsacid dynasty, crowned by the Roman emperor Nero in 66 CE. His coronation embodied the Roman-Parthian settlement over Armenia.
Armenian Highlands: A mountainous region in western Asia encompassing much of modern Armenia and adjoining areas. The highlands formed the geographic core of the ancient kingdom.
Christianization of Armenia: The adoption of Christianity as Armenia’s state religion in the early fourth century CE. It transformed the kingdom’s religious institutions and distinguished Armenia from neighboring powers.
Orontid dynasty: A dynasty that ruled Armenia from the late sixth to the early second century BCE. The Orontids established Armenia as a kingdom after the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
Battle of Carrhae: A 53 BCE battle in which Parthian forces defeated a Roman army led by Marcus Licinius Crassus. The Parthian victory strengthened its position in the struggle over Armenia.
Artaxias II of Armenia: An Artaxiad king who ruled Armenia from about 34 to 20 BCE. His reign followed Rome’s capture of his father and briefly restored Artaxiad rule.
Armenian language: An Indo-European language with its own independent branch. Armenian language and identity developed in the same highland world as the kingdom.
Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages): A medieval Armenian kingdom that ruled in the Armenian Highlands from the ninth to the eleventh century. Its rulers revived Armenian kingship after the ancient kingdom’s political order ended.

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