Armenian Question

The international diplomatic and political issue of reforming Ottoman rule and protecting Armenians, especially from the late nineteenth century through World War I.

Tanzimat: A nineteenth-century Ottoman reform era that sought to centralize government and establish greater legal equality among subjects. Its promises of equal rights shaped Armenian demands for protection and reform.
Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin: A treaty provision requiring Ottoman reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and reporting to the powers. It formally internationalized the demand for Armenian reforms without creating an enforcement mechanism.
Abdülhamid II: Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909 who pursued centralized rule and resisted foreign intervention. His government’s policies framed the Armenian reform crisis of the 1890s.
Armenian genocide: The systematic deportation and mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman government during World War I, especially from 1915. It was the catastrophic outcome of the wartime collapse of protections sought through Armenian reform diplomacy.
Treaty of Berlin: The 1878 treaty that revised the settlement after the Russo-Turkish War and addressed reforms for Ottoman Armenians. Article 61 placed Armenian reforms under international scrutiny.
May Reform Package: A 1914 agreement for administrative reforms in eastern Ottoman provinces, negotiated under European supervision. It was a late attempt to translate the Armenian Question into monitored provincial reform.
Mıgırdiç Khrimian: Armenian cleric and political figure who advocated reform and represented Armenian concerns at the Congress of Berlin. His experience at Berlin became a lasting symbol of Armenian diplomatic powerlessness.
Deportation of Armenians: The forced removal of Armenians from their homes by Ottoman authorities during World War I, chiefly in 1915. Deportation replaced reform proposals with a state campaign that uprooted Armenian communities.
Armenian national movement: A diverse movement seeking cultural rights, political reform, or national self-determination for Armenians. Its organizations and demands helped make Armenian security a diplomatic concern.
European Concert: A system of cooperation among European powers that sought to manage international disputes through diplomacy. The powers invoked collective diplomacy but pursued competing interests in Ottoman affairs.

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