Artillery

Artillery comprises large-caliber weapons designed to fire projectiles over long distances. It includes guns, howitzers, mortars, and rocket artillery.

Ballistics: The science of projectile motion, including launch, flight, and impact. It explains how artillery projectiles travel from a firing position to a target.
Field artillery: Mobile artillery designed to support land forces in the field. It is the standard land-based branch of artillery used alongside maneuver forces.
Gunpowder: An early chemical explosive mixture used to propel projectiles and power firearms. Gunpowder made practical cannon fire possible and began artillery's technological lineage.
Counter-battery fire: Fire directed against enemy artillery positions to suppress or destroy their guns. It is artillery used against the opposing artillery arm itself.
Trench warfare: A form of warfare in which opposing forces fight from fortified trenches. Artillery bombardment helped drive armies into trenches during the First World War.
Howitzer: A gun designed to fire shells at both high and relatively low angles. Its variable elevation gives artillery a distinctive balance of range and trajectory.
Mortar: A short-barreled weapon that fires shells at steep angles. Mortars form a distinct artillery family optimized for high-angle fire.
Medieval artillery: Siege and field weapons used in Europe and elsewhere during the Middle Ages. Medieval cannon and siege engines mark distinct stages in artillery's development.
Siege warfare: Military operations to capture fortified places through isolation, bombardment, or assault. Artillery has long been used to breach defenses and pressure besieged forces.
First World War: A global war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allied and Central Powers. Industrial-scale artillery fire caused immense casualties and defined many fronts.

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