Baibars

Baibars (c. 1223–1277) was a Mamluk commander and sultan of Egypt and Syria. He helped defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut and expanded Mamluk power across the eastern Mediterranean.

Qutuz: A Mamluk sultan of Egypt who led the army at Ain Jalut in 1260. Qutuz commanded the victory Baibars helped secure, before Baibars seized the sultanate from him.
Battle of Ain Jalut: A 1260 battle in which Mamluk forces defeated a Mongol army in Palestine. Baibars commanded a key Mamluk force in the victory that checked Mongol expansion into Egypt.
Mamluk Sultanate: A military ruling state centered in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to early sixteenth century. Baibars’s campaigns and institutions strengthened this state against Mongol and crusader rivals.
Crusader states: The Latin Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean during the Crusades. Baibars’s repeated campaigns reduced their territory and weakened their position in the region.
Al-Mansur Qalawun: A Mamluk sultan of Egypt who ruled from 1279 to 1290. Qalawun succeeded Baibars and continued the military and diplomatic policies of his reign.
Siege of Antioch (1268): The Mamluk capture of the crusader principality of Antioch in 1268. Baibars’s conquest of Antioch was among his most consequential victories against the crusader states.
Mamluk: A military slave, often of Turkic or Circassian origin, trained for service in Islamic states. Baibars’s military career grew from the Mamluk system that supplied Egypt’s ruling elite.
Ilkhanate: A Mongol khanate ruling much of Persia and neighboring regions from the thirteenth to fourteenth century. Its conflict with the Mamluks continued the Mongol-Mamluk rivalry Baibars helped define.
Al-Said Barakah: A son of Baibars who briefly ruled as sultan of Egypt from 1277 to 1279. His short reign followed Baibars’s death and exposed the limits of hereditary succession in the Mamluk system.
Siege of Krak des Chevaliers: The 1271 Mamluk siege that brought the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers under Mamluk control. The siege illustrates Baibars’s method of reducing fortified crusader positions.

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