Linked from

The 29 pages that link to Balance of payments, each with the reason it gives.

• International Monetary FundRelated: Balance-of-payments gaps are the central problem the IMF’s lending is designed to address.

• Bretton Woods systemNarrower topic: Deficits in this accounting were the trigger for IMF loans and devaluation under the rules.

• Gold standardRelated: External deficits could drain gold and force adjustments under the standard.

• Import substitution industrializationRelated: Reducing manufactured imports aimed to ease external payment pressures, though imported machinery could offset savings.

• Structural adjustmentRelated: External payment crises often prompt governments to seek adjustment loans.

• Currency boardRelated: External deficits can pressure reserves, forcing domestic adjustment when the exchange rate cannot readily move.

• Export-oriented industrializationRelated: Manufactured exports earn foreign exchange, while imported inputs create external payments.

• Floating exchange rateRelated: Cross-border trade and investment flows affect demand for currencies.

• Foreign exchange reservesRelated: Reserve changes often finance imbalances recorded in the balance of payments.

• Bretton Woods ConferenceRelated: Temporary balance-of-payments support was central to the IMF’s purpose.

• Capital flightNarrower topic: Cross-border asset transfers appear in the financial account and can strain external financing.

• Fixed exchange rateRelated: External surpluses and deficits create flows that can put pressure on a fixed rate.

• Currency pegRelated: Persistent external imbalances can put pressure on a fixed exchange rate.

• Economic policyRelated: External balances constrain choices about exchange rates, trade, and capital flows.

• National accountsRelated: It supplies external transaction data that connect domestic accounts to international flows.

• Special drawing rightsRelated: Members can exchange SDRs for currencies to help address external financing needs.

• WealthRelated: Cross-border transactions change a country’s external assets and liabilities, affecting national wealth.

• Triffin dilemmaRelated: Supplying foreign holders with reserve assets often entails persistent external deficits.

• Balance of tradeNarrower topic: The trade balance is one component of this broader international accounting framework.

• International economicsRelated: Its accounts organize the trade and financial flows studied in international economics.

• Economy of EgyptNarrower topic: It brings together Egypt’s trade, tourism receipts, remittances, investment, and external financing.

• P. V. Narasimha RaoNarrower topic: India’s external-payment crisis made emergency financing and policy adjustment unavoidable.

• Economy of South KoreaRelated: It tracks the economy’s trade flows, investment income, and cross-border financing.

• James MeadeRelated: Meade analyzed how trade and capital flows shape a country’s external accounts.

• World economyRelated: It accounts for the trade and financial flows linking each country to the global economy.

• Economy of ArgentinaRelated: Export receipts and demand for foreign currency help explain Argentina’s recurring external financing pressures.

• Economy of SpainNarrower topic: Trade, investment income, and financing flows show how Spain interacts economically with other countries.

• International financeRelated: Its accounts track trade, income, transfers, and financial flows across borders.

• Latin American economyRelated: External deficits and financing needs constrain growth and policy choices.