Balkan League

The Balkan League was an alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro formed in 1912 to fight the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War.

Bulgaria: Bulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe that emerged as an autonomous principality in 1878. It negotiated the league’s central alliance with Serbia and sought Ottoman territory in Macedonia.
First Balkan War: The First Balkan War was the 1912–1913 conflict in which the Balkan League fought the Ottoman Empire. The league’s common purpose took military form in this war.
Treaty of Bucharest (1913): The Treaty of Bucharest of 1913 ended the Second Balkan War and redistributed territory among the combatants. It recorded the settlement that permanently ended cooperation among the league’s members.
Little Entente: The Little Entente was an alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia formed after the First World War. Unlike the league, it sought to preserve postwar settlements rather than conquer Ottoman territory.
Serbia: Serbia is a landlocked country in southeastern Europe with a history as an independent kingdom and republic. Its 1912 treaty with Bulgaria helped anchor the league’s military and territorial arrangements.
Serbo-Bulgarian Treaty of 1912: The Serbo-Bulgarian Treaty of 1912 established an alliance and outlined the division of Ottoman territories in Macedonia. Its secret provisions attempted to manage the most contentious territorial claim among the allies.
Albanian Declaration of Independence: Albania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 and gained international recognition in 1913. The allies’ advance helped prompt an independent Albania, frustrating Serbian ambitions for an Adriatic outlet.
Balkan Pact: The Balkan Pact was a 1934 agreement among Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Yugoslavia to preserve southeastern European borders. It was a later, defensive regional arrangement rather than a wartime coalition against the Ottomans.
Greece: Greece is a country in southeastern Europe, occupying the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula and numerous islands. It joined the alliance to expand its territory and protect Greek communities under Ottoman rule.
Treaty of London (1913): The Treaty of London of 1913 ended the First Balkan War and ceded most Ottoman European territory to the allies. It formalized Ottoman losses but left the allies’ division of conquered lands unsettled.

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