Treaty of Berlin

The 1878 agreement among European powers that revised the Treaty of San Stefano after the Russo-Turkish War and reduced Bulgaria’s autonomy and territory.

Principality of Bulgaria: The autonomous Bulgarian state established under Ottoman suzerainty by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The treaty created it with sharply reduced borders and limited autonomy.
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): A war in which Russia and its allies fought the Ottoman Empire, ending with Russian victory in 1878. Its outcome produced the peace settlement that Berlin revised.
Otto von Bismarck: The German statesman who hosted the Congress of Berlin and served as its presiding mediator. He chaired the negotiations and presented Germany as an impartial broker.
Bulgarian unification: The 1885 union of the Principality of Bulgaria and the Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia. It challenged the separation Berlin had imposed between the two Bulgarian territories.
Greater Bulgaria: The expansive Bulgarian state envisioned by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878. Berlin rejected this plan and divided its proposed territory.
Eastern Rumelia: An autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire created by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, south of Bulgaria. Berlin separated this province from the new Bulgarian principality.
Treaty of San Stefano: The 1878 peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire that proposed a large, autonomous Bulgaria. Its provisions triggered diplomatic opposition and a congress to revise them.
Benjamin Disraeli: British prime minister who represented Britain at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He pressed to limit Russian influence and returned claiming “peace with honour.”
Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The occupation and administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary beginning in 1878. It implemented a major territorial provision of the treaty.
Balkan League: An alliance of Balkan states formed in 1912 to fight the Ottoman Empire. Its coordinated challenge to Ottoman rule contrasted with Berlin's great-power-managed settlement.

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