Battle of Bannockburn

The Battle of Bannockburn was a Scottish victory over an English army near Stirling on 23–24 June 1314, during the First War of Scottish Independence.

Robert the Bruce: Robert the Bruce was king of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. His command and choice of ground shaped the Scottish victory.
First War of Scottish Independence: The First War of Scottish Independence was a conflict between Scotland and England, conventionally dated 1296–1328. Bannockburn was its decisive military turning point.
Declaration of Arbroath: The Declaration of Arbroath was a 1320 letter asserting Scotland’s independence and appealing to Pope John XXII. It expressed the sovereignty the Scottish victory had helped defend.
Battle of Bannockburn (second day): The second day of Bannockburn, 24 June 1314, saw the main English and Scottish armies engage in battle. The Scottish advance on this day produced the English army’s collapse.
Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray: Thomas Randolph was a Scottish nobleman and military commander who served Robert the Bruce. He led Scottish forces during the campaign and fought at Bannockburn.
Siege of Stirling Castle (1314): The 1314 siege of Stirling Castle was a Scottish effort to capture the English-held fortress. Its impending surrender prompted Edward II’s army to march north.
Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton: The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton was a 1328 agreement in which England recognized Scotland as an independent kingdom. It formalized an outcome made possible by Scotland’s military success.
Battle of Bannockburn (first day): The first day of Bannockburn, 23 June 1314, included cavalry clashes and the capture of English soldiers. Its opening encounters set the conditions for the decisive fighting on 24 June.
Schiltron: A schiltron was a dense formation of spearmen used by Scottish armies. Scottish schiltrons resisted English cavalry and advanced against the English lines.
Edward II of England: Edward II was king of England from 1307 to 1327. He led the English relief campaign that ended at Bannockburn.

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