Battle of the Hydaspes

A battle fought in 326 BCE near the Hydaspes River, where Alexander the Great defeated King Porus in the Punjab region.

Hydaspes River: A river in the Punjab region, known today as the Jhelum River. Alexander crossed this river under cover of darkness to surprise Porus.
Alexander’s Indian campaign: Alexander’s military expedition into the Indian subcontinent in 327–325 BCE. The Hydaspes was the campaign’s major battle against a regional ruler.
Alexander’s army: The multinational military force that Alexander led on campaigns from Macedon to India. After the battle, its soldiers continued east until refusing to advance farther.
Arrian: A Greek author of the second century CE whose history recounts Alexander’s campaigns. His account supplies a detailed narrative of the Hydaspes battle and crossing.
Alexander the Great: King of Macedon who built an empire through campaigns across western Asia and Egypt. He directed the crossing and commanded the Macedonian force.
Achaemenid Empire: An ancient Persian empire that ruled much of western Asia before Alexander conquered it. Alexander’s earlier conquest of its eastern territories brought his army toward the Punjab.
Hyphasis mutiny: The refusal of Alexander’s troops to cross the Hyphasis River and continue east in 326 BCE. The Hydaspes victory preceded the army’s eventual halt farther into India.
Diodorus Siculus: A Greek historian of the first century BCE who wrote a universal history. His version provides a separate ancient account of the battle.
Porus: A ruler in the Punjab region who fought Alexander near the Hydaspes River. His army defended the river’s eastern bank and included war elephants.
Taxila: An ancient city and kingdom in the Punjab region, near the routes Alexander used in India. Its ruler, Ambhi, allied with Alexander before the Hydaspes campaign.

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