Beiyang government

The government of the Republic of China based in Beijing from 1912 to 1928, dominated by shifting military and political factions.

1911 Revolution: A series of uprisings that ended Qing rule and began the transition to a Chinese republic. The revolution created the political crisis from which the Beijing government emerged.
Warlord Era: A period of fragmented military rule in China, usually dated from 1916 to 1928. The Beiyang government operated within this landscape of competing regional armies.
Duan Qirui: A Beiyang military leader who served several times as prime minister and dominated national politics after Yuan Shikai’s death. His struggles with parliament and rival generals shaped the regime’s central crises.
Northern Expedition: A Nationalist military campaign from 1926 to 1928 that defeated or incorporated major warlord forces and unified much of China. Its advance ended the Beiyang government’s control of Beijing.
Guangzhou military government: A southern government established by Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou in 1917 in opposition to the Beijing authorities. It claimed to defend the republic’s constitution against the Beijing government.
Xinhai Revolution: The revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China in 1912. Its settlement transferred the presidency from Sun Yat-sen to Yuan Shikai.
Beiyang Army: A modernized Chinese military force built under the Qing and led by Yuan Shikai. Its commanders and regional networks supplied the regime’s principal source of coercive power.
Feng Guozhang: A Beiyang general who served as vice president and president of the Republic of China. He led the Zhili faction and contested Duan Qirui’s influence.
Nanjing decade: The period from 1927 to 1937 when the Nationalist government centered in Nanjing ruled much of China. It followed the Beiyang era and claimed to replace its fragmented national authority.
Kuomintang: A Chinese nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen that governed China from Nanjing after 1927. Its Nationalist government displaced the Beiyang regime and asserted a competing basis of authority.

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