Bernardo O’Higgins

Bernardo O’Higgins was a Chilean independence leader and statesman who helped secure independence from Spain and served as Chile’s first head of state.

José de San Martín: José de San Martín was an Argentine general who led independence campaigns in southern South America. He and O’Higgins coordinated the Army of the Andes’ campaign to liberate Chile.
Battle of Chacabuco: The 1817 battle in which patriot forces defeated royalists north of Santiago, opening the way to occupy the city. O’Higgins commanded a division in the decisive victory that restored patriot rule in Santiago.
Army of the Andes: A revolutionary army organized in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to liberate Chile and Peru from Spanish rule. O’Higgins joined this force in exile and commanded Chilean troops during its crossing and campaign.
Chile: Chile is a country on the Pacific coast of South America, stretching from the Atacama Desert to Patagonia. O’Higgins helped establish the independent state whose early institutions he governed.
José Miguel Carrera: José Miguel Carrera was a Chilean independence leader and head of government during the early independence struggle. His political rivalry with O’Higgins shaped the fractured patriot leadership before the reconquest.
Battle of Rancagua: The 1814 battle in which royalist forces defeated Chilean patriots, ending the Patria Vieja period. O’Higgins led the defenders before escaping across the Andes into exile.
Crossing of the Andes: The 1817 military operation in which the Army of the Andes crossed the Andes to invade Spanish-held Chile. The operation brought O’Higgins back from exile to lead the campaign for Chilean independence.
Chilean War of Independence: The conflict from 1810 to 1826 in which Chilean forces fought Spanish royalists for independence. O’Higgins was a leading commander and political figure across its decisive campaigns.
Ramón Freire: Ramón Freire was a Chilean military leader and politician who succeeded O’Higgins as supreme director. Freire’s rise followed O’Higgins’s resignation and exile in 1823.
Declaration of Chilean Independence: Chile’s formal declaration of independence from Spain, dated 12 February 1818. O’Higgins’s government issued the declaration as the new state consolidated its break with Spain.

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