Black September

Black September was the 1970–71 conflict in Jordan between the Jordanian state and Palestinian armed groups. It ended with the expulsion of the Palestine Liberation Organization’s main forces from Jordan.

Palestine Liberation Organization: An umbrella organization founded in 1964 to represent Palestinians and pursue national liberation. Its armed factions challenged Jordanian authority, and its forces were expelled after the conflict.
Jordan: A country in the Levant, east of the Jordan River, ruled by the Hashemite monarchy. Its territory became the arena where state sovereignty and Palestinian armed autonomy collided.
PLO in Lebanon: The PLO’s political and armed presence in Lebanon after its leadership relocated there from Jordan. The expulsion from Jordan shifted the organization’s main base to Lebanon.
Hijackings to Dawson's Field: The September 1970 hijackings of four passenger aircraft by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, followed by explosions at Dawson's Field in Jordan. The hijackings dramatized the PFLP’s challenge to Jordanian control and helped trigger the crackdown.
Jordanian Armed Forces: The military forces responsible for defending Jordan and enforcing the authority of its monarchy. They fought Palestinian armed groups in the decisive September 1970 battles.
Palestinian fedayeen: Palestinian guerrilla fighters who conducted armed operations against Israel, especially from neighboring Arab countries. Their operations and independent presence in Jordan intensified tensions with the monarchy.
Jordanian-Palestinian relations: The political and social relations between Jordan and Palestinians, including disputes over representation and citizenship. Black September left a lasting legacy of mistrust and contested historical memory.
Amman: The capital and largest city of Jordan. Major battles in September 1970 centered on the capital, where Palestinian groups had built strongholds.
Hussein of Jordan: King of Jordan from 1952 until his death in 1999. He ordered the military campaign to restore royal control over Jordan.
Battle of Karameh: A 1968 battle in Jordan between Israeli forces and Palestinian fighters, with Jordanian military involvement. The battle boosted the PLO’s popularity and helped expand its independent power inside Jordan.

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