Bluffing

Bluffing is a strategic display of strength, confidence, or information that may be false, intended to influence another party’s decisions.

Signaling game: A game in which informed players send signals that less-informed players use to make decisions. Bluffing is a signal whose apparent strength may not match the sender’s private information.
Poker: A family of card games in which players wager on hands and may fold, call, or raise. Poker makes bluffing an explicit strategic action with observable wagers and uncertain hands.
Deception: The deliberate creation or reinforcement of a false belief in another party. Bluffing is one strategic form of deception, centered on apparent strength or information.
Reputation: A socially shared belief about a person’s or organization’s typical qualities or behavior. A record of credible bluffs or exposed ones affects whether future signals are believed.
Bayesian game: A strategic game in which players have private information about their own types or circumstances. Private information creates the uncertainty that makes a bluff possible.
Game of chicken: A strategic contest in which each side risks disaster by refusing to yield first. A driver may signal resolve while hoping the other side yields before the threat is tested.
Misinformation: False or inaccurate information spread without necessarily intending to deceive. Unlike a bluff, misinformation need not be a calculated strategic display.
Trust: A willingness to accept vulnerability based on expectations about another party’s conduct. Bluffing can exploit trust in the short term and damage it after discovery.
Expected value: The probability-weighted average of the possible outcomes of a decision. A player weighs the payoff from a successful bluff against the cost of being called.
Crisis bargaining: Negotiation during a dispute in which states weigh concessions against the risk of conflict. States may exaggerate resolve or capability to influence an adversary’s choices.

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