Bose–Einstein condensate

A state of matter in which many bosons occupy the same lowest-energy quantum state, producing collective quantum behavior at temperatures near absolute zero.

Bose–Einstein statistics: Quantum statistics describing indistinguishable bosons, which can share a single quantum state without restriction. Bosonic statistics permit many particles to accumulate in the condensate’s ground state.
Satyendra Nath Bose: An Indian physicist whose work on photon statistics helped establish Bose–Einstein statistics. His counting method supplied the statistical foundation for the predicted condensate.
Boson: A particle with integer spin whose quantum state is symmetric under exchange of identical particles. Only bosonic particles can populate one state in unrestricted numbers.
Atom interferometry: A measurement technique that uses the interference of matter waves from separated atomic paths. Condensate-based coherent sources can support highly sensitive matter-wave measurements.
Fermionic condensate: A paired state of fermions in which pairs behave collectively as bosonic entities. Fermions cannot share one single-particle state, so condensation requires pairing.
Bose gas: A gas composed of bosons, often modeled as noninteracting or weakly interacting particles. Cooling a dilute Bose gas below its transition temperature produces a condensate.
Albert Einstein: A German-born theoretical physicist who developed relativity and made major contributions to quantum theory. Einstein extended Bose’s statistics to material particles and predicted condensation.
Quantum state: A mathematical description of a quantum system that determines probabilities for measurement outcomes. Condensation means many particles occupy the same lowest-energy state.
Superfluidity: A fluid phase that flows without viscosity under appropriate conditions. Many condensates exhibit superfluid behavior, allowing controlled studies of frictionless flow.
Exciton–polariton condensate: A coherent state of exciton–polaritons, hybrid light–matter quasiparticles, in a semiconductor structure. It can form under driven, lossy conditions unlike the near-equilibrium atomic condensate.

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