Bromination

Bromination is a chemical reaction that introduces one or more bromine atoms into a molecule, often by substitution or addition across a multiple bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: A reaction in which an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. Benzene bromination follows this pathway, with a Lewis acid activating bromine.
Bromine: A reddish-brown halogen element with atomic number 35. Bromine is the atom transferred into organic molecules during bromination.
Allylic bromination: Replacement of an allylic hydrogen with bromine, typically through a radical reaction. This selective transformation prepares alkenes for further reactions without consuming their double bonds.
Chlorination: A chemical reaction that introduces chlorine atoms into a molecule. Chlorination is often faster and less selective than analogous radical bromination.
Persistent organic pollutant: An organic chemical that resists environmental degradation and can persist for long periods. Some brominated chemicals persist and spread far beyond their sites of use.
Radical halogenation: A chain reaction in which radicals replace hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms. Alkane bromination uses radicals to replace C–H bonds with C–Br bonds.
Alkene: An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The electron-rich double bond makes alkenes common substrates for bromine addition.
Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction: A reaction that brominates the alpha carbon of a carboxylic acid using phosphorus tribromide and bromine. It installs bromine next to a carboxyl group, enabling later substitution.
Iodination: A chemical reaction that introduces iodine atoms into a molecule. Iodination installs a more reactive carbon–halogen bond but can require stronger driving conditions.
Bioaccumulation: The buildup of a substance in an organism when uptake exceeds elimination. Certain brominated compounds accumulate in organisms because they resist breakdown.

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