Bulk density

Bulk density is the mass of a material divided by its total occupied volume, including spaces between particles or within its structure.

Particle density: The mass of a material divided by the volume of its solid particles, excluding voids. Comparing it with bulk density reveals how much of the sample volume is void space.
Soil bulk density: The dry mass of soil per unit volume, including pore spaces. It is a standard soil measurement used to assess compaction and root-growth conditions.
True density: The mass of a substance divided by the volume of its constituent solid material, excluding pores. It excludes internal pores that may be included in a bulk-volume measurement.
Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object or sample. It supplies the numerator in a bulk-density calculation.
Porosity: The fraction of a material's total volume occupied by pores or other voids. For a particle bed, void fraction links particle density to bulk density.
Tapped density: The mass of a powder divided by its volume after standardized tapping reduces voids. It measures a denser packing state relevant to powder handling and container fill.
Apparent density: A density calculated using an object's external volume, which may include internal pores. The term often overlaps with bulk density, but its precise volume convention varies by field.
Gravimetric analysis: Quantitative analysis based on measuring mass. Drying and weighing samples can establish the mass used for bulk-density measurements.
Packing fraction: The fraction of a container's volume occupied by the solid particles packed inside it. Particle arrangement changes the occupied solid fraction and therefore bulk density.
Angle of repose: The steepest angle at which a pile of granular material remains stable. Together with bulk density, it helps characterize granular flow and storage behavior.

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