Linked from

The 34 pages that link to Bystander effect, each with the reason it gives.

• Social normRelated: Situational expectations about responsibility can shape whether people intervene.

• Self-defenseRelated: A call for help may not prompt action unless someone is addressed directly.

• Social psychologyBroader topic: This specific group-context effect shows how shared presence can diffuse responsibility.

• ConformityRelated: People may follow the group's apparent inaction when deciding whether an emergency requires help.

• Victim blamingRelated: Blaming victims can make witnesses treat intervention as unnecessary or the harm as deserved.

• Hate speechRelated: Witnesses may remain silent when targeted people face public hostility.

• CyberbullyingRelated: Online audiences may witness abuse yet assume someone else will intervene.

• First aidCompared with: Emergency training can address hesitation that delays bystander assistance.

• Prosocial behaviorCompared with: The presence of other potential helpers can suppress the prosocial response.

• BullyingRelated: A crowd’s inaction can leave targeted people without support and allow bullying to continue.

• Social influenceBroader topic: It illustrates how others’ presence can inhibit action rather than encourage it.

• Righteous Among the NationsCompared with: Rescue stories complicate accounts of passivity by documenting people who chose to intervene.

• Bystander interventionCompared with: Intervention counters diffusion of responsibility by making one witness act.

• DehumanizationRelated: Dehumanized victims may elicit less intervention from witnesses who see them as undeserving or distant.

• Pluralistic ignoranceRelated: In ambiguous emergencies, observers may read others’ inaction as evidence that intervention is unnecessary.

• Rape cultureRelated: Diffusion of responsibility can leave harassment or coercion unchallenged.

• ObedienceRelated: Obedience to group expectations can reinforce inaction when responsibility appears shared.

• Jewish resistance during the HolocaustCompared with: The concept cannot explain Jewish inaction: victims faced coercion, isolation, and lethal retaliation rather than ordinary bystander conditions.

• DeindividuationRelated: This group effect is often confused with deindividuation but concerns helping and responsibility.

• Genocide studiesRelated: The concept helps frame questions about passivity, complicity, and responses to mass violence.

• NonresistanceCompared with: Nonresistance can be confused with passivity, making the duty to aid a central ethical question.

• SympathyCompared with: Sympathetic concern may fail to produce help when responsibility feels diffused.

• SituationismBroader topic: It is a specific case where the immediate social setting changes action.

• TrollingRelated: Observers may stay silent as trolling escalates in a crowded forum.

• Jan KarskiRelated: Debates about Allied inaction often invoke the gap between receiving warnings and acting.

• Philip ZimbardoRelated: Zimbardo’s early research helped establish this phenomenon as a subject of social psychology.

• School bullyingRelated: Researchers examine when peers intervene, reinforce bullying, or remain passive.

• CourageRelated: Intervention can require courage when responsibility feels diffused across a crowd.

• Judgment at NurembergRelated: The film examines how widespread passivity can accompany political persecution.

• Rescue of Jews during the HolocaustCompared with: Rescue contrasts with the passivity often associated with bystanders, though context matters.

• Peer pressureRelated: Group expectations can discourage intervention when a peer is at risk.

• Audience effect (social psychology)Compared with: It is a specific social-presence effect on helping, shaped by responsibility and group cues.

• Gang rapeRelated: Diffusion of responsibility can help explain why witnesses fail to interrupt group violence.

• The Vulture and the Little GirlCompared with: Public reactions sometimes treated the photographer as a bystander, though the concept does not settle what happened.