Cambyses II

Cambyses II was Achaemenid king of Persia from 530 to 522 BCE. He conquered Egypt, extending Persian rule into the Nile valley.

Battle of Pelusium: A battle in 525 BCE in which Persian forces defeated the Egyptian army near Pelusium. This victory opened the route to Memphis and enabled Cambyses’s conquest of Egypt.
Cyrus the Great: Founder of the Achaemenid Empire and king of Persia from about 550 to 530 BCE. Cambyses inherited the throne and an expanding empire from his father.
Herodotus: A Greek historian of the fifth century BCE whose work is a major source for Cambyses’s reign. His vivid stories shaped later accounts, though their reliability is often questioned.
Bardiya: A son of Cyrus the Great whose identity and claim to the Persian throne became central to the 522 BCE succession crisis. Whether Cambyses killed Bardiya or an impostor claimed his identity remains disputed.
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt: The period of Egyptian history in which Persian kings ruled as pharaohs, beginning with Cambyses II’s conquest. Cambyses founded this Persian ruling dynasty by taking the Egyptian throne.
Achaemenid dynasty: The royal house that ruled the Persian Empire from the mid-sixth to the fourth century BCE. Cambyses’s kingship was one stage in this dynasty’s early succession.
Ctesias: A Greek physician and historian who wrote a now-lost account of Persian history. His version of Cambyses’s life differed from Herodotus’s and survives only through later quotations.
Gaumata: The Magian whom Darius I’s inscription identifies as an impostor who seized the Persian throne as Bardiya. Darius’s account made Gaumata the rival whose alleged revolt justified his own accession.
Achaemenid Empire: The Persian empire founded by Cyrus the Great that stretched from the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia. Cambyses added Egypt to the empire and ruled within its dynastic succession.
Psamtik III: The last pharaoh of Egypt’s Twenty-sixth Dynasty, defeated by Cambyses in 525 BCE. His defeat ended native rule and transferred Egypt’s throne to Cambyses.

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