cAMP

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a second messenger that relays signals from cell-surface receptors and regulates enzymes, ion channels, and gene expression.

Adenylyl cyclase: An enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP. Activated G proteins stimulate this enzyme to produce cAMP.
Adenosine triphosphate: A nucleotide that supplies energy and phosphate groups in cellular processes. Adenylyl cyclase uses ATP as the substrate for cAMP synthesis.
Glucagon: A pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose, especially by acting on the liver. Its receptor raises cAMP to promote glycogen breakdown and glucose production.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate: A cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger in pathways including nitric oxide signaling. cGMP parallels cAMP but activates distinct effectors and physiological pathways.
G protein-coupled receptor: A cell-surface receptor that signals through intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins. Many cAMP signals begin when a ligand activates one of these receptors.
Cyclic nucleotide: A nucleotide whose phosphate group forms a cyclic bond within the molecule. cAMP belongs to this signaling-molecule family.
Epinephrine: A hormone and neurotransmitter that mobilizes the body's rapid stress response. Some epinephrine receptors increase cAMP to change metabolism and heart activity.
Inositol trisphosphate: A soluble second messenger that releases calcium from intracellular stores. Unlike cAMP, it commonly signals by mobilizing stored calcium.
G alpha s subunit: A stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit that activates adenylyl cyclase when bound to GTP. It provides the main receptor-to-cAMP link in stimulatory signaling.
G protein: A guanine-nucleotide-binding protein that transmits signals within cells. G proteins connect activated receptors to adenylyl cyclase.

Linked from 57 pages