Carlist Wars

The Carlist Wars were a series of 19th-century Spanish civil wars in which supporters of rival Bourbon claimants fought over royal succession and Spain’s political order.

Ferdinand VII of Spain: King of Spain from 1813 to 1833, whose succession dispute triggered the First Carlist War. His choice to secure the throne for his daughter Isabella challenged his brother Carlos’s claim.
Baldomero Espartero: A Spanish general and statesman who led the Isabeline forces during the First Carlist War. His victories helped drive the First Carlist War toward the Convention of Vergara.
Carlism: A Spanish traditionalist political movement supporting the Bourbon claim of Carlos and his successors. The wars were the movement’s armed campaigns to defend its claimant and political program.
First Carlist War: The Spanish civil war of 1833–1840 between supporters of Isabella II and those of Carlos María Isidro. It was the largest and most consequential of the Carlist conflicts.
Spanish Constitution of 1837: A liberal constitution adopted in Spain during the First Carlist War, establishing a constitutional monarchy and two legislative chambers. Its political settlement embodied the liberal order Carlists fought to overturn.
Pragmatic Sanction of 1830: A Spanish royal decree that restored female succession and enabled Isabella to inherit the throne. It supplied the legal basis for Isabella’s succession, which Carlists rejected.
Rafael Maroto: A Carlist general who negotiated the Convention of Vergara in 1839. His agreement with Espartero ended much of the fighting in the north.
Fueros: Historical laws and privileges governing local self-government in parts of Spain, especially the Basque Country and Navarre. Carlist defense of regional fueros helped mobilize support in the north.
Second Carlist War: The Spanish conflict of 1846–1849, fought mainly in Catalonia by Carlist forces seeking to restore their claimant. Its smaller scale and regional concentration distinguish it from the first war.
Spanish Revolution of 1868: A revolution that deposed Isabella II and began Spain’s Sexenio Democrático. The collapse of Isabella’s monarchy opened a new succession crisis and revived armed Carlist opposition.

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