Cavity-nesting

Cavity-nesting is reproduction in which birds lay eggs and raise their young inside enclosed spaces, such as holes in trees, cliffs, or buildings.

Tree cavity: A hollow space in a tree that can shelter animals or hold a nest. Tree cavities are the most familiar enclosed nest sites for cavity-nesting birds.
Nest-site selection: The process by which an animal chooses a location for building or placing its nest. Cavity-nesting birds assess openings, interior space, and safety before settling.
Nest-box monitoring: The repeated inspection of artificial nest boxes to record occupancy, breeding, or other wildlife data. Monitoring records how birds use provided cavities and how breeding outcomes change.
Great spotted woodpecker: A widespread Eurasian woodpecker that excavates nest holes in trees. It exemplifies a primary cavity-nester that makes holes usable by other birds.
Interspecific competition: Competition between individuals of different species for limited resources. Bird species may compete for the same scarce nesting holes.
Primary cavity-nester: A bird that excavates its own nest cavity, usually in wood. These species create holes later used by other cavity-nesting birds.
Cavity excavation: The removal of material to create an enclosed hole used as a shelter or nest. Excavating species shape cavities suited to their bodies and breeding needs.
Forest management: The planning and practice of managing forests for ecological, economic, or social goals. Retaining old trees and deadwood can preserve natural nesting cavities.
European starling: A passerine bird native to Europe and western Asia that commonly nests in cavities. It is a familiar secondary cavity-nester, including in buildings and nest boxes.
Keystone species: A species whose ecological effects are unusually large relative to its abundance. Cavity excavators can create nesting habitat used by many other species.

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