Chalcedonian Christianity

Chalcedonian Christianity comprises Christian traditions that accept the Council of Chalcedon’s definition of Jesus Christ as one person in two natures, divine and human.

Hypostatic union: The Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ’s divine and human natures are united in one person. It describes the union that Chalcedon affirmed without merging Christ’s two natures.
Council of Chalcedon: A church council held in 451 that issued a definition of Christ as one person in two natures. Its definition gives this Christian tradition its name and doctrinal boundary.
Oriental Orthodoxy: A family of Christian churches that did not accept the Council of Chalcedon’s definition. Its churches reject Chalcedon while affirming Christ’s full divinity and humanity in miaphysite terms.
Eastern Orthodox Church: A communion of autocephalous Christian churches that shares the Byzantine liturgical and theological tradition. Eastern Orthodox churches receive Chalcedon as an ecumenical council.
Christology: The branch of Christian theology concerned with the identity and work of Jesus Christ. Chalcedonian Christianity is defined by a particular answer to Christological questions.
Council of Ephesus: A church council held in 431 that condemned Nestorius and affirmed Mary as Theotokos. Its condemnation of Nestorius shaped the disputes that Chalcedon later addressed.
Miaphysitism: A Christological doctrine describing Christ as one united incarnate nature of the divine Word, fully divine and fully human. It is the characteristic alternative to Chalcedonian wording in Oriental Orthodox traditions.
Roman Catholic Church: The worldwide Christian church in communion with the bishop of Rome. The Catholic Church accepts Chalcedon as an ecumenical council and its definition as doctrine.
Nature (philosophy): The essential properties that make a being what it is. The Chalcedonian definition uses nature to distinguish Christ’s divinity from his humanity.
Nestorianism: A label for Christological positions accused of dividing Christ’s divine and human realities into distinct subjects. Chalcedon rejected dividing Christ into two persons while preserving two natures.

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