Citrate

Citrate is the deprotonated form of citric acid, present as a polyatomic ion or in salts. It binds metal ions and serves as a central intermediate in cellular metabolism.

Citric acid: Citric acid is a triprotic organic acid with formula C₆H₈O₇ that loses protons to form citrate ions. Its successive proton losses produce the differently charged citrate species.
Sodium citrate: Sodium citrate is a sodium salt of citric acid used as a food additive, anticoagulant, and buffering agent. It supplies citrate in a soluble salt form for food and medical uses.
Carboxylate: A carboxylate is the negatively charged form of a carboxylic acid group after loss of a proton. Citrate’s three carboxyl groups account for much of its negative charge.
Citrate shuttle: The citrate shuttle transfers acetyl units from mitochondria to the cytosol in the form of citrate. Exported citrate supplies carbon for cytosolic fatty-acid and cholesterol synthesis.
Citric acid cycle: The citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway; citrate is one chemical species participating in that pathway. The pathway name and citrate are related, but one is a process and the other a molecule.
Aconitase: Aconitase is an iron–sulfur enzyme that reversibly converts citrate to isocitrate through cis-aconitate. It rearranges citrate’s hydroxyl group so oxidation can proceed in the cycle.
Calcium citrate: Calcium citrate is a calcium salt of citric acid used in supplements and as a food ingredient. Its calcium content and solubility make it a common citrate supplement.
Polyprotic acid: A polyprotic acid can donate more than one proton, often in successive equilibrium steps. Citric acid can lose three protons, producing citrate species with different charges.
ATP citrate lyase: ATP citrate lyase is an enzyme that cleaves citrate and coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. It converts exported citrate into cytosolic acetyl-CoA for biosynthesis.
Citrate salt: A citrate salt is an ionic compound containing citrate anions paired with positively charged ions. A salt contains citrate alongside counterions, unlike the citrate ion considered alone.

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