Civil death

Civil death is a legal status in which a person loses some or all civil rights and legal capacities. Historically, it was imposed as punishment or attached to conditions such as entering a religious order.

Attainder: A legal consequence of conviction for treason or felony that historically could include forfeiture of property and loss of rights. Attainder could produce civil disabilities resembling civil death.
Roman law: The legal system developed in ancient Rome and later adapted across continental Europe. Roman legal ideas supplied precedents for status-based restrictions on capacity.
Civil disability: A legal restriction on a person's capacity to exercise particular rights or perform specified acts. Civil death is an unusually broad form of civil disability.
Political disenfranchisement: The removal or denial of a person's right to vote or participate in political life. Loss of political rights was one prominent consequence of civil death.
Outlawry: A legal declaration that placed a person outside the protection of the law, historically in English law. Outlawry shows how legal exclusion could remove protections without formally declaring civil death.
Roman civil status: The categories of legal standing that determined a person's rights and capacities in Roman law. Civil death drew on traditions that tied legal capacity to recognized status.
Death: The permanent cessation of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Civil death changes legal status without ending biological life.
Legal capacity: The ability to hold rights, undertake obligations, and perform legally effective acts. Civil death curtailed the capacities that allow people to act within the law.
Infamia: A Roman legal status of disrepute that restricted a person's eligibility for certain public and private roles. Roman infamia offers an ancient model of status-based legal incapacity.
Canon law: The body of law governing the Catholic Church and its institutions. Canon law shaped the treatment of religious profession as a change in civil capacity.

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