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The 52 pages that link to Climate model, each with the reason it gives.

• Radiative forcingRelated: Models translate specified forcings into simulated climate responses.

• Atlantic meridional overturning circulationRelated: Models test how the circulation responds to greenhouse gases, freshwater, and changing winds.

• PaleoclimateRelated: Comparisons with reconstructed climates test whether models capture long-term system behavior.

• Climate sensitivityRelated: Model experiments estimate temperature responses while testing feedbacks and their interactions.

• Volcanic winterRelated: Models estimate the global and regional response to eruptions, but results depend on uncertain aerosol and circulation details.

• Global warmingRelated: Models estimate future warming under different emissions and policy pathways.

• Ice–albedo feedbackNarrower topic: Models calculate surface reflectivity changes to estimate feedback strength and future warming.

• ClimateRelated: Models project how climate patterns may respond to changing drivers.

• Arctic sea ice declineNarrower topic: Models project sea ice decline but differ in regional processes and timing.

• Indian Ocean DipoleRelated: Models test whether the dipole’s coupled ocean and atmosphere processes are represented accurately.

• Climate variabilityRelated: Models help estimate the range and timescales of natural variability.

• Computer simulationBroader topic: Climate simulations project interactions among atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice.

• FortranBroader topic: Climate models rely on long-developed Fortran components for physical processes and numerical calculations.

• Heat waveRelated: Models project how heat-wave frequency and intensity may change under different emissions pathways.

• SimulationBroader topic: Climate models simulate interactions among atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice.

• Ocean heat transportRelated: Models must represent ocean currents and their heat transport to simulate regional climate.

• AtmosphereRelated: Climate models represent atmospheric processes alongside oceans, land, and ice.

• Cloud feedbackNarrower topic: Models represent cloud processes differently, producing a wide range of feedback estimates.

• Nuclear winterRelated: Models estimate how soot amount, altitude, and lifetime translate into cooling.

• InstrumentalismRelated: Climate projections foreground predictive performance even when models simplify complex causal processes.

• Paleoclimate proxyCompared with: Models simulate climate dynamics; proxies provide independent evidence for evaluating those simulations.

• Scientific modelBroader topic: Climate models combine physical processes to project climate patterns under specified conditions.

• Climate projectionRelated: Climate projections use these models to translate specified forcings into simulated climate.

• Ocean warmingNarrower topic: Models test how greenhouse-gas forcing translates into ocean heat uptake and future warming.

• Scientific visualizationRelated: Visualizing its spatial and temporal outputs helps communicate simulated climate patterns.

• Climate change and the water cycleRelated: Models project how warming may alter precipitation, evaporation, and regional water availability.

• Mathematical modelBroader topic: It combines physical equations to simulate climate patterns and change.

• West African monsoonRelated: Models differ in their projections of future West African rainfall and circulation.

• Pacific Decadal OscillationRelated: Models test whether observed PDO variability follows from ocean–atmosphere dynamics and external forcing.

• SupercomputerRelated: Supercomputers run climate simulations across long timescales and fine spatial grids.

• Cirrus cloudRelated: Cirrus feedbacks remain a source of uncertainty in projections of warming.

• Walker circulationRelated: Models are tested on whether they reproduce the Walker circulation’s observed structure and variability.

• Aridity indexRelated: Projected aridity depends on modeled precipitation and evaporative demand.

• ClimatologyBroader topic: Models turn physical understanding into testable climate simulations and projections.

• Instrumental temperature recordCompared with: Model simulations provide an independent comparison with observed temperature changes.

• Climate change and forestsRelated: Model projections inform forest risk assessments but differ in regional detail.

• Extreme weatherRelated: Model resolution and uncertainty affect projections of regional extremes.

• Coarse-grainingRelated: Climate models parameterize unresolved processes because their grid scales cannot represent every local detail.

• Abrupt climate changeRelated: Models are tested for their ability to capture rapid transitions.

• Climate systemRelated: Models represent interactions among the system’s components to project climate change.

• Computational physicsRelated: Numerical simulations combine atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice processes to project climate.

• Climate change in IndonesiaRelated: Models differ in regional rainfall projections, affecting local planning across the archipelago.

• Global coolingRelated: Models help assess competing influences that shaped past cooling and future temperature projections.

• James HansenNarrower topic: Hansen used climate simulations to estimate how warming would unfold under different emissions paths.

• Climate change feedbacksRelated: Models represent feedbacks and estimate their combined influence on future warming.

• Climate change in CanadaRelated: Models project regional Canadian conditions under different emissions pathways.

• Katharine HayhoeRelated: Models underpin the projections used to assess regional climate impacts.

• Climate change in JapanNarrower topic: Models produce Japan’s projections but differ in regional detail and simulated hazards.

• Climate variability and changeRelated: Models connect physical understanding with estimates of future climate.

• History of climate change scienceRelated: Models embody successive scientific understanding and expose where projections remain uncertain.