Collective punishment

Collective punishment is a penalty imposed on a group for acts committed by some of its members, including people who did not participate.

Individual criminal responsibility: The principle that criminal liability belongs to individuals for their own conduct and culpability. It opposes imposing penalties on people merely because they belong to a group.
International humanitarian law: The body of international law regulating the conduct of armed conflict and protecting people affected by it. Its treaty rules expressly prohibit collective penalties in several conflict settings.
Hostage taking: The seizure or detention of a person to compel another party to act or refrain from acting. Hostages have been used to pressure communities for acts they did not commit.
Forced displacement: The involuntary movement of people from their homes, within a country or across borders. Group penalties can drive civilians from homes to punish or pressure a wider population.
Command responsibility: A mode of liability for commanders who fail to prevent or punish crimes by forces under their control. It distinguishes responsibility based on a commander's own failure from punishment based on group membership.
Geneva Conventions: Four 1949 treaties establishing protections for wounded combatants, prisoners of war, and civilians during armed conflict. Their provisions include explicit bans on collective penalties against protected people.
Nazi reprisals in occupied Europe: German occupation policies that executed civilians in retaliation for resistance attacks during the Second World War. These reprisals exemplify severe collective penalties imposed on civilian populations.
Siege: The encirclement of a place to isolate it and compel its surrender, often by restricting access and supplies. Sieges can impose deprivation on an entire population for the conduct of some.
Reprisal: A coercive measure taken in response to another party's prior conduct, sometimes subject to legal restrictions. Collective penalties have often been defended as reprisals, though that label does not make them lawful.
Additional Protocol II: A 1977 treaty protocol extending protections to victims of certain non-international armed conflicts. Article 4 expressly prohibits collective punishments in its field of application.

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