Colombian conflict

A prolonged internal armed conflict in Colombia involving government forces, guerrilla groups, paramilitaries, and criminal organizations. Its causes and effects include disputes over land, political exclusion, and the illicit drug economy.

La Violencia: A period of intense partisan violence in Colombia, conventionally dated from 1948 to 1958. Its displacement and political polarization helped shape the conflict's rural origins.
Coca cultivation in Colombia: The growing of coca plants in Colombia, whose leaves are processed into cocaine. Coca revenues helped finance armed groups and deepen competition over territory.
Manuel Marulanda: A Colombian guerrilla commander who co-founded and led FARC for decades. His leadership shaped FARC's organization and its long military confrontation with the state.
Victims' Law (Colombia): Colombia's 2011 law recognizing victims of the armed conflict and establishing reparations and land restitution measures. It made victim recognition and redress central responsibilities of the state.
United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia: A federation of Colombian right-wing paramilitary groups that demobilized in the 2000s, though successor groups persisted. Its anti-guerrilla campaigns and abuses differed from insurgent warfare while also targeting civilians.
Bogotazo: Mass unrest and violence in Bogotá following the 1948 assassination of Liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The uprising marked an escalation of the partisan violence that preceded the insurgencies.
Forced displacement in Colombia: The coerced movement of people from their homes within Colombia, often because of violence or threats. Displacement reshaped control of land and uprooted millions during the conflict.
Carlos Castaño Gil: A Colombian paramilitary leader who helped found and lead the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. He became a prominent figure in the expansion and political organization of paramilitarism.
Colombian peace process: Negotiations between the Colombian government and FARC that produced the 2016 peace agreement. It converted decades of war between the state and FARC into a negotiated settlement.
Colombian National Liberation Army: A Colombian guerrilla organization, commonly known as ELN, that remains active after FARC's demobilization. Its continued insurgency shows that the 2016 agreement did not settle every armed conflict.

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