Conquest

Conquest is the subjugation or acquisition of territory and its people through force of arms. It can establish new political rule without securing lasting control or acceptance.

Military occupation: The stationing of a foreign power’s forces in territory it controls, often without transferring sovereignty. Occupation is a common way conquerors enforce control after defeating an opposing force.
Norman conquest of England: The 1066 invasion and takeover of England by William, duke of Normandy, and his forces. It joined a decisive invasion to a lasting transformation of English rule and landholding.
Colonialism: A system in which a state extends control over foreign territories and peoples, often for settlement or extraction. Conquest has often initiated colonial rule, though colonialism can persist beyond military takeover.
Occupation: The exercise of authority by a foreign military power over territory, especially during war. Occupation describes control on the ground; conquest emphasizes acquisition through force.
Right of conquest: The historical doctrine that military victory could create a legally recognized title to territory. Its rejection exposes the conflict between winning territory and acquiring legitimate sovereignty.
Siege: A military operation that surrounds a fortified place to compel surrender or prevent movement and supplies. Sieges let an invading army take defended cities that block territorial conquest.
Mongol conquest of China: The thirteenth-century Mongol campaigns that brought China under the Yuan dynasty. It shows how steppe armies conquered a large agrarian empire and founded a ruling dynasty.
Forced migration: The movement of people under coercion, threat, or conditions that leave no meaningful choice. Conquerors may displace populations to secure territory or reorganize its use.
Cession: The transfer of territory from one state to another, typically through a treaty or agreement. Cession transfers territory by agreement rather than by military subjugation.
Self-determination: The principle that peoples may determine their political status and pursue their development. It challenges claims that conquest alone can settle who has authority over a population.

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