Constitution of India

India’s supreme legal document, adopted in 1949 and effective from 26 January 1950, establishing the country’s institutions, powers, and fundamental rights.

Fundamental Rights in India: Constitutional guarantees protecting individual liberties and equality in India. Part III sets enforceable rights that shape the relationship between individuals and the state.
Judicial review in India: The power of Indian courts to assess whether laws and government actions comply with the Constitution. Courts use judicial review to invalidate unconstitutional exercises of power.
Constituent Assembly of India: The representative body that debated and adopted India’s Constitution. Its members shaped and approved the constitutional text between 1946 and 1949.
Election Commission of India: The constitutional authority responsible for administering elections to India’s Parliament, state legislatures, and high offices. Article 324 establishes an independent body to supervise key elections.
Republic Day (India): India’s national holiday on 26 January, marking the Constitution’s commencement in 1950. The date made constitutional government the formal basis of the republic.
Directive Principles of State Policy: Non-justiciable constitutional principles guiding the Indian state’s social and economic policy. Part IV complements enforceable rights with goals for public policy.
Basic structure doctrine: The Indian doctrine that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution’s essential features. It limits the amendment power recognized under Article 368.
B. R. Ambedkar: Indian jurist and political leader who chaired the Constitution’s Drafting Committee. He led the committee responsible for preparing the final draft.
Citizenship in India: The legal status defining membership in the Indian polity and its associated rights and duties. The Constitution sets initial citizenship rules and authorizes Parliament to regulate citizenship.
Indian secularism: A model of state engagement with religion that guarantees religious freedom and equal treatment in India. Constitutional provisions protect religious liberty while regulating aspects of public religious life.

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