Linked from

The 149 pages that link to Convergent evolution, each with the reason it gives.

• PhylogeneticsRelated: It produces resemblance that can be mistaken for evidence of close ancestry.

• Adaptive radiationRelated: Separate radiations can produce similar forms when lineages encounter comparable ecological roles.

• TheropodaRelated: Bipedal posture also evolved outside Theropoda, so it alone cannot identify the group.

• EvolutionRelated: It shows how similar environmental pressures can produce similar adaptations independently.

• ElectroreceptionNarrower topic: Electroreception occurs in distantly related animals, often through independently evolved sensory systems.

• C4 carbon fixationRelated: Repeated origins of C4 photosynthesis exemplify this evolutionary pattern.

• RaptorRelated: Predatory adaptations evolved in separate bird groups rather than from one recent raptor ancestor.

• ViviparityRelated: Viviparity arose independently many times, rather than from one live-bearing ancestor.

• Marine reptileRelated: Separate reptile groups repeatedly evolved streamlined bodies and swimming adaptations.

• ArtiodactylaCompared with: Similar aquatic adaptations once obscured the close ancestry of whales and terrestrial artiodactyls.

• HomologyCompared with: It produces resemblance without the shared inheritance that defines homology.

• Cryptic speciesRelated: Similar forms can evolve separately, making unrelated species look alike.

• Prehensile tailRelated: Grasping tails evolved in multiple groups rather than from one shared prehensile-tailed ancestor.

• PerciformesRelated: Similar body shapes among fishes can mislead classifications based mainly on appearance.

• Plant morphologyRelated: Similar plant forms can arise in unrelated lineages facing comparable pressures.

• IntrogressionCompared with: Similar traits can arise independently, so resemblance alone does not establish introgression.

• Vocal learningNarrower topic: Vocal learning appears to have evolved independently in several animal groups.

• AdaptationRelated: Similar adaptations can evolve independently without being inherited from a shared recent ancestor.

• FossorialityNarrower topic: Unrelated underground animals repeatedly evolve compact bodies, powerful digging structures, and reduced eyes.

• CoevolutionCompared with: Similarity alone does not establish reciprocal evolutionary influence.

• Comparative genomicsRelated: Similar genomic changes need not indicate that lineages inherited them from a recent common ancestor.

• MosasaurRelated: Their streamlined form resembles that of sharks and whales despite a different ancestry.

• ProboscisRelated: Tubular feeding structures evolved in unrelated animals with similar food-access challenges.

• MyrmecophagyNarrower topic: Distantly related myrmecophages independently evolved traits for finding and consuming social insects.

• IchthyosauriaRelated: Their streamlined forms resemble dolphins despite a distant evolutionary relationship.

• CAM photosynthesisRelated: CAM has evolved independently many times among unrelated plant groups.

• Lobe-finned fishRelated: Some fish-like traits in aquatic tetrapods evolved independently of lobe-finned fish anatomy.

• Molecular evolutionCompared with: Similar molecular outcomes can arise independently, complicating ancestry inference.

• Mosaic evolutionCompared with: Similarity across lineages differs from the uneven trait histories within a lineage.

• BatsNarrower topic: Bat wings resemble other flight surfaces in function, not shared evolutionary origin.

• Cave ecologyRelated: Repeated cave traits raise questions about shared selection versus inherited history.

• FlipperRelated: Similar swimming demands produced flipper-like forms in unrelated animal groups.

• SynapomorphyRelated: Convergence can produce resemblance without the shared origin required for a synapomorphy.

• XenarthraNarrower topic: Similar insect-eating adaptations in anteaters and pangolins arise from separate ancestry.

• Carnivorous plantNarrower topic: Carnivorous traps arose independently in multiple plant groups.

• Evolution of cetaceansRelated: Streamlined bodies and flippers evolved repeatedly among aquatic mammals, not only cetaceans.

• FeliformiaRelated: Similar body forms among carnivorans can obscure true evolutionary relationships.

• Fish anatomyCompared with: Similar body shapes can arise without close anatomical ancestry.

• ThylacineRelated: Its doglike form resembles that of placental canids despite distant ancestry.

• Animal phylogenyCompared with: Convergence can make unrelated animals appear closely related when trees rely on superficial resemblance.

• FlightlessnessRelated: Flightlessness evolved repeatedly in unrelated birds facing comparable ecological conditions.

• SmilodonRelated: Saber-like canines appeared in unrelated mammals, not just machairodont cats.

• Aerial insectivoreRelated: Unrelated groups evolved ways to catch flying insects, without sharing a recent specialized ancestor.

• NectarivoryRelated: Different animal groups independently evolved ways to exploit nectar.

• OpisthokontaCompared with: Similar forms in animals and fungi need not be inherited from their shared opisthokont ancestor.

• PhylogeographyCompared with: Similar adaptations can mislead geographic interpretation when traits are mistaken for shared ancestry.

• SauropterygiaRelated: Sauropterygians acquired aquatic adaptations also found in unrelated marine reptiles.

• GastrolithRelated: Similar stone-swallowing behavior may have evolved independently in different animal groups.

• MosasauridaeRelated: Its streamlined body resembles that of marine reptiles from separate evolutionary lineages.

• Saber-toothed catRelated: Saber-like canines appeared in several unrelated mammalian lineages.