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The 144 pages that link to Covalent bond, each with the reason it gives.

• Oxidation stateCompared with: Real covalent sharing contrasts with oxidation states’ formal assignment of all bonding electrons to one partner.

• Carbon dioxideRelated: The carbon–oxygen bonds hold the atoms together in CO₂.

• HydrolysisRelated: Many familiar hydrolysis reactions cleave covalent bonds.

• Hydrogen bondCompared with: Its shared-electron character distinguishes it from the mostly electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen bond.

• Chemical bondBroader topic: Shared electron density is the defining feature of this major bonding mode.

• Valence electronBroader topic: Shared valence-electron pairs are the defining feature of covalent bonding.

• PolymerNarrower topic: Covalent bonds commonly connect the atoms within polymer backbones and side groups.

• Lewis structureNarrower topic: Each line between atoms represents a shared pair in this notation.

• NitrogenNarrower topic: Nitrogen’s covalent bonds build both N₂ gas and nitrogen-containing biomolecules.

• Hydrogen peroxideNarrower topic: Covalent bonds connect the atoms in each hydrogen peroxide molecule.

• AlkaneRelated: Single covalent bonds connect carbon atoms in an alkane's carbon skeleton.

• Intermolecular forceCompared with: It holds atoms together within molecules rather than describing attraction between separate molecules.

• Functional groupNarrower topic: Functional groups are defined by the covalent bonds linking their atoms.

• Organic chemistryNarrower topic: Shared electrons form the carbon frameworks and bonds studied in organic chemistry.

• Structural formulaBroader topic: Most molecular structural formulas depict covalent bonds as lines.

• Ionic bondingCompared with: It contrasts electron sharing with the electrostatic attraction between ions.

• CeramicRelated: Strong directional covalent bonds make many ceramics hard and thermally stable.

• Formal chargeRelated: Formal-charge bookkeeping assigns half of each covalent bond’s electrons to each bonded atom.

• Hydroxyl groupNarrower topic: The O–H connection in a hydroxyl group is a covalent bond.

• Van der Waals forceCompared with: Covalent bonds join atoms through shared electrons rather than weak interactions between separate particles.

• DiamondNarrower topic: Shared electrons hold diamond’s carbon network together in three dimensions.

• GlassRelated: Strong silicon–oxygen covalent bonds help give silica glass rigidity.

• Pi bondNarrower topic: Pi bonds are one type of covalent bond.

• Valence bond theoryNarrower topic: Valence bond theory is a quantum-mechanical account of covalent bonding.

• Metallic bondingCompared with: Metallic electrons are distributed through the solid instead of confined to shared pairs.

• Disulfide bondNarrower topic: A disulfide is a covalent link whose formation and cleavage depend on redox chemistry.

• Hydrogen chlorideNarrower topic: Hydrogen and chlorine share electrons in the HCl molecule.

• CarbonRelated: Carbon’s stable covalent bonds underpin its molecular and solid structures.

• Free radicalRelated: Homolytic bond breaking divides a shared pair and leaves one electron on each fragment.

• Lone pairCompared with: A covalent bond shares an electron pair; a lone pair does not.

• Silicon carbideNarrower topic: Strong covalent bonding between silicon and carbon underlies SiC’s hardness and high melting point.

• Octet ruleRelated: Shared bonding pairs count toward the outer shells of both bonded atoms.

• BoronRelated: Boron commonly forms covalent bonds rather than simple ionic bonds.

• Carboxyl groupNarrower topic: The group’s shape and reactivity arise from its shared-electron bonds.

• Ligand field theoryNarrower topic: Recognizing covalent contributions to metal–ligand bonds distinguishes ligand field theory from its electrostatic predecessor.

• Molecular hydrogenNarrower topic: The two atoms in H₂ are held together by a shared electron pair.

• Carbon nanotubeRelated: Covalent bonds hold the hexagonal carbon network together.

• EthaneNarrower topic: Ethane’s carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen bonds are covalent.

• MoleculeBroader topic: Most molecules are built from atoms joined by shared electron pairs.

• PhosphorylationNarrower topic: Phosphorylation attaches the phosphate group to its substrate through a covalent bond.

• Polyatomic ionNarrower topic: Shared electrons hold the atoms in a polyatomic ion together.

• Sigma bondNarrower topic: A sigma bond is one geometry-specific form of covalent bonding.

• BerylliumRelated: Small, highly charged beryllium ions form unusually covalent bonds in many compounds.

• Carbon–carbon bondNarrower topic: A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.

• Coordinate covalent bondNarrower topic: A coordinate covalent bond is a specific way a covalent bond can form.

• CycloalkaneNarrower topic: Single covalent bonds connect the carbon atoms in cycloalkane rings.

• MetalloidRelated: Covalent networks account for the hardness and high melting points of some metalloids.

• Bond angleRelated: Most textbook bond angles describe directions of covalent bonds.

• Cross-linkRelated: Covalent cross-links permanently join polymer chains through shared-electron bonds.

• Hard and soft acids and basesNarrower topic: HSAB interprets preferred pairings through differences in bonding character.