Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are serious acts, including murder, enslavement, and deportation, committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Rome Statute: The treaty establishing the International Criminal Court and defining crimes within its jurisdiction. Article 7 sets out the modern treaty definition of crimes against humanity.
International Criminal Court: A permanent court that prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression. It can prosecute crimes against humanity when jurisdiction and admissibility requirements are met.
Martens Clause: A principle in the laws of war invoking humanity and public conscience where treaty rules are incomplete. Its language helped support legal arguments against atrocities not fully covered by existing rules.
Prosecutor v. Tadić: A landmark International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia case concerning crimes committed during the Bosnian war. The appeals judgment addressed the offense's customary-law status and its connection to armed conflict.
Crime of aggression: The planning, preparation, initiation, or execution of a manifest violation of the United Nations Charter by a state leader. Its distinct definition and jurisdictional rules contrast with the broader reach of crimes against humanity.
Widespread or systematic attack: A large-scale or organized course of conduct directed against a civilian population. Either widespread scale or systematic organization can satisfy a defining contextual element.
Complementarity: The principle that the International Criminal Court acts only when national authorities are unwilling or unable genuinely to investigate or prosecute. It makes national proceedings primary and limits the Court's role.
Nuremberg trials: The postwar trials of major Nazi leaders before the International Military Tribunal in 1945–1946. The tribunal gave crimes against humanity a prominent place in international criminal law.
Akayesu trial: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's 1998 trial judgment against former mayor Jean-Paul Akayesu. It addressed sexual violence and persecution as crimes against humanity.
Forced displacement: The coerced movement of people from their homes or communities, by expulsion or other means. Prosecutors must distinguish criminal deportation or forcible transfer from displacement alone.

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