Cutting tool

A tool with one or more edges that separates or removes material from a workpiece by cutting. Its geometry and material determine how it shears, penetrates, and withstands wear.

Shear (manufacturing): Deformation in which adjacent layers of material slide relative to one another under applied force. Most machining edges remove material by imposing shear in a narrow zone ahead of the edge.
High-speed steel: A group of alloy tool steels that retain hardness at elevated temperatures. It enables durable cutting edges in drills, taps, and other tools subject to heat.
Turning: A machining process in which a rotating workpiece is cut by a tool, commonly to produce cylindrical surfaces. Single-point turning tools remove material as the workpiece rotates.
Abrasive machining: Material removal by hard abrasive particles that scratch or fracture a workpiece. It removes material through many small abrasive contacts rather than a defined cutting edge.
Rake angle: The angle between a cutting tool's rake face and a reference plane perpendicular to the work surface. It changes chip flow, cutting force, and the strength of the edge.
Cemented carbide: A hard composite of carbide particles bonded by a metallic binder, commonly cobalt. Its hardness and hot strength support high-speed industrial cutting.
Milling cutter: A rotary cutting tool with multiple teeth used to remove material in a milling machine. Its teeth engage the workpiece intermittently as the cutter rotates.
Grinding: A machining process that removes material with bonded abrasive grains on a rotating wheel. Grinding can finish surfaces where a conventional cutting edge cannot achieve the required precision.
Cutting edge: The boundary where a tool's rake face and flank meet and engage the workpiece. Its sharpness and shape concentrate force where material separation begins.
Ceramic cutting tool: A cutting tool whose edge is made from ceramic materials such as alumina or silicon nitride. Ceramics tolerate high cutting temperatures but are brittle compared with many tool materials.

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