Cyrus the Younger

Cyrus the Younger was a Persian prince and governor who led a 401 BCE rebellion against his brother, King Artaxerxes II, with an army that included Greek mercenaries.

Battle of Cunaxa: A 401 BCE battle near Babylon in which Artaxerxes II’s forces defeated Cyrus the Younger’s rebellion. Cyrus was killed at Cunaxa, ending his bid for the Persian throne.
Darius II: Achaemenid king of Persia from 423 to 404 BCE and father of Artaxerxes II and Cyrus the Younger. His death opened the succession crisis that Cyrus challenged.
Xenophon: A Greek soldier and writer whose Anabasis recounts the expedition of Cyrus the Younger and the Ten Thousand. His participation made him the principal surviving narrator of Cyrus’s campaign.
March of the Ten Thousand: The Greek mercenaries’ retreat from Mesopotamia to the Black Sea after Cyrus died at Cunaxa. The retreat was the direct consequence of the failed expedition.
Ten Thousand: The Greek mercenary force that accompanied Cyrus the Younger and retreated north after his death. Their survival after Cunaxa became the campaign’s most enduring Greek episode.
Parysatis: Achaemenid queen, wife of Darius II, and mother of Artaxerxes II and Cyrus the Younger. Xenophon’s account presents her as favoring Cyrus in the dynastic conflict.
Proxenus of Boeotia: A Greek commander and host of Xenophon who recruited soldiers for Cyrus the Younger. His invitation drew Xenophon into the expedition.
Battle of Cunaxa (Xenophon’s account): Xenophon’s narrative of the battle where Cyrus died and the Greeks learned their employer had fallen. The account shows how victory for Artaxerxes became catastrophe for Cyrus’s Greek allies.
Anabasis (Xenophon): Xenophon’s account of the Greek army’s expedition with Cyrus and its retreat from Persia. It preserves the fullest account of Cyrus’s campaign and the Greeks’ retreat.
Sardis: An ancient city in western Anatolia and the seat of the Persian satrapy governed by Cyrus. Cyrus used his western power base to assemble forces for the expedition.

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