Dependent source

A dependent source is an ideal circuit element whose voltage or current is determined by another voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit. It models controlled behavior in devices such as transistors and amplifiers.

Voltage-controlled voltage source: An ideal source whose output voltage is proportional to a controlling voltage elsewhere in a circuit. It is the dependent source form controlled by voltage and producing voltage.
Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. A voltage can serve as either the control variable or output of a dependent source.
Transistor: A semiconductor device that controls current or voltage and can amplify or switch electrical signals. Small-signal transistor models use dependent sources to represent controlled output behavior.
Controlled source: A source whose output depends on a specified controlling input, often another circuit variable. Dependent source is the circuit-theory name for this broader controlled-source idea.
Voltage-controlled current source: An ideal source whose output current is proportional to a controlling voltage elsewhere in a circuit. It shows how a voltage-dependent source can produce current instead.
Electric current: The rate at which electric charge flows past a point. Current can control a dependent source or be the quantity it supplies.
Operational amplifier: A high-gain differential voltage amplifier used with external feedback components. Its internal amplification is often approximated by a voltage-controlled voltage source.
Thevenin's theorem: A theorem that replaces a linear two-terminal network with an equivalent voltage source and series resistance. Dependent sources must remain active when finding a Thevenin equivalent resistance.
Current-controlled voltage source: An ideal source whose output voltage is proportional to a controlling current elsewhere in a circuit. It pairs current sensing with voltage output.
Independent source: An ideal circuit element that specifies a voltage or current independently of other circuit variables. Unlike a dependent source, its output is not controlled by another circuit variable.

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