Derg

The Derg was Ethiopia’s Marxist military regime, formed in 1974 after it deposed Emperor Haile Selassie. It ruled until 1991, nationalizing land and industry and waging campaigns against political opponents.

Ethiopian Revolution: The upheaval that ended the Ethiopian monarchy and brought the Derg to power in 1974. The revolution created the committee and the political crisis it claimed to resolve.
Haile Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, except during the Italian occupation. The Derg’s 1974 coup ended his reign and the Ethiopian monarchy.
Ogaden War: The 1977–1978 war between Ethiopia and Somalia over the Ogaden region. The Derg’s defense of the Ogaden drew major Soviet and Cuban support.
Ethiopian Empire: The monarchy-centered Ethiopian state that existed until the revolution of 1974. The Derg replaced imperial rule with a military government that claimed Marxist legitimacy.
Ethiopian Red Terror: A campaign of state violence against perceived opponents in Ethiopia, especially from 1976 to 1978. The Derg used organized terror to suppress rivals and consolidate power.
Ethiopian famine of 1973–1974: A severe famine in Ethiopia that killed many people and exposed the government’s failure to respond effectively. The famine intensified public anger toward Haile Selassie’s government before the revolution.
Eritrean War of Independence: The armed struggle that secured Eritrea’s independence from Ethiopia in 1991. The Derg’s efforts to retain Eritrea prolonged a war that helped exhaust its rule.
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: The Ethiopian state formally established under a new constitution in 1987, while Mengistu remained in power. It replaced the Derg’s military council with a nominally civilian socialist republic.
Land reform in Ethiopia: The redistribution and nationalization of land in Ethiopia, including the 1975 abolition of landlordism. Land nationalization was among the regime’s most consequential domestic reforms.
Ethiopian Armed Forces: The national military forces of Ethiopia, including the army, air force, and navy during the imperial era. The Derg emerged from mutinies and organizing within the armed forces.

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