Disinformation

Disinformation is false or misleading information deliberately created or spread to deceive, manipulate, or influence an audience. It differs from misinformation, which is shared without necessarily intending deception.

Information operation: A coordinated effort to influence an audience through information, often using deceptive or manipulative tactics. Disinformation campaigns organize messages and actions toward a strategic influence goal.
Misinformation: False or misleading information shared without necessarily intending to deceive. Intent to deceive is the defining distinction between disinformation and misinformation.
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections: A Russian campaign that used hacking and influence operations to affect the 2016 United States elections. The campaign is a prominent case of coordinated political disinformation using social platforms.
Epistemic trust: Confidence that people or institutions are reliable sources of knowledge. Repeated deception can weaken confidence in both accurate sources and shared evidence.
Content moderation: The review and enforcement of rules governing content on digital platforms. Platforms must decide how to address deceptive claims without suppressing legitimate expression.
Propaganda: Communication designed to shape beliefs or behavior in support of a political or ideological cause. Disinformation often uses propagandistic framing to direct false claims toward a desired response.
Malinformation: Genuine information used to cause harm, often by taking it out of context or exposing it improperly. Unlike disinformation, malinformation can be factually accurate while being weaponized.
COVID-19 misinformation: False or misleading claims about COVID-19, its causes, prevention, treatment, and vaccines. The pandemic showed how deceptive health claims can exploit uncertainty and threaten public health.
Liar's dividend: The advantage gained when awareness of fabricated media lets people dismiss genuine evidence as fake. Widespread disinformation can make authentic recordings easier to deny.
Freedom of speech: The right to express opinions and share information without undue restriction. Disinformation responses raise disputes over who may restrict speech and by what standards.

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