Linked from

The 32 pages that link to Disinformation, each with the reason it gives.

• PropagandaCompared with: Propaganda may use disinformation, but it can also promote a viewpoint with accurate facts.

• Freedom of the pressRelated: Efforts to counter it raise questions about who should regulate publication and by what standards.

• Fact-checkingRelated: Verification can expose deceptive claims, though it cannot by itself establish the source’s intent.

• MisinformationCompared with: Unlike misinformation, disinformation involves an intent to mislead.

• Media literacyCompared with: Media literacy helps distinguish intentional deception from unintentional error.

• Internet memeRelated: Memes can make misleading claims easier to package, repeat, and detach from context.

• Digital journalismCompared with: Digital news circulates in the same networked environments where deliberate falsehoods spread.

• Viral videoRelated: Rapid video circulation can make fabricated or misleading claims reach large audiences before correction.

• Genocide denialRelated: Fabricated claims and misleading evidence can circulate as tools of genocide denial.

• Psychological warfareRelated: Deliberate deception makes it harder to distinguish influence activity from ordinary error.

• Citizen journalismCompared with: Coordinated deception can imitate citizen reporting and exploit the trust given to eyewitness accounts.

• Information freedomRelated: Responses to deliberate deception can collide with protections for open communication.

• Information literacyCompared with: Intentional deception makes source scrutiny and corroboration especially consequential.

• Social media activismRelated: False claims can undermine campaigns and distort public understanding of their causes.

• CounterintelligenceCompared with: Unlike counterintelligence as a whole, disinformation names a deceptive method that can also serve offensive influence operations.

• RumorCompared with: Rumors need not be intentionally planted, unlike disinformation.

• State mediaRelated: State-linked outlets may become channels for deliberate falsehoods, though state ownership alone does not establish disinformation.

• Wagner GroupRelated: Wagner-linked media operations promoted Russian influence and attacked rival narratives.

• COINTELPRORelated: False letters and planted claims were used to fuel suspicion and conflict among activists.

• CredibilityRelated: Deceptive campaigns often imitate credible sources to gain acceptance.

• HoaxRelated: Disinformation overlaps with hoaxes but often describes strategic campaigns rather than a discrete fabricated event.

• Information warfareRelated: It can weaken trust, confuse public debate, or influence decisions during conflict.

• Online radicalizationRelated: False claims can intensify grievances and distrust within online extremist narratives.

• Medical misinformationCompared with: Intentional deception distinguishes disinformation from misinformation shared without deceptive intent.

• AstroturfingRelated: Astroturfing may use disinformation, but its defining deception concerns who supports or directs advocacy.

• Media sensationalismCompared with: Sensational framing need not involve a deliberate campaign to mislead.

• Gerasimov doctrineRelated: It exemplifies the informational activity often included in Western descriptions of the approach.

• AgnotologyCompared with: Disinformation is intentional deception, while agnotology includes ignorance produced without a false claim.

• Kalergi PlanRelated: The fabricated plan is promoted through misleading quotations and unsupported claims of coordination.

• PallywoodRelated: Accusations of fabrication are claims of disinformation, though the label alone does not establish them.

• Pizzagate conspiracy theoryNarrower topic: Pizzagate became a widely cited example of political disinformation spreading online.

• Plant (deception)Related: A plant can deliver disinformation in person, making a fabricated account seem spontaneous.