DNA microarray

A solid surface bearing many DNA probes at known locations, used to detect and compare complementary nucleic acid sequences in a sample.

Nucleic acid hybridization: The pairing of complementary DNA or RNA strands through hydrogen bonding between their bases. Complementary sample sequences bind to matching probes on the array.
DNA microarray gene expression profiling: A method for comparing RNA-derived expression measurements across thousands of genes using a DNA microarray. This is a major use of arrays, revealing genes with changing activity across samples.
Southern blot: A laboratory method for detecting specific DNA sequences after electrophoretic separation and transfer to a membrane. It established sequence-specific probe detection before arrays placed many probes on one surface.
RNA sequencing: A sequencing-based method for measuring and characterizing RNA molecules in a sample. Unlike fixed-probe arrays, it can detect transcripts absent from the designed probe set.
DNA microarray data analysis: The computational processing and interpretation of measurements generated by DNA microarray experiments. Normalization and statistical testing are needed to distinguish biological changes from technical variation.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization: A technique that uses fluorescent nucleic acid probes to detect specific sequences in cells or chromosomes. It uses hybridization too, but locates sequences in intact cells rather than across an array.
Comparative genomic hybridization: A method that compares DNA copy number across genomes by competitively hybridizing labeled DNA to probes. Array-based versions detect gains and losses of genomic regions.
High-density oligonucleotide array: A microarray bearing dense, synthesized oligonucleotide probes for parallel sequence analysis. Photolithographic synthesis made it possible to place vast probe sets on compact chips.
Quantitative PCR: A method that measures nucleic acid abundance by monitoring amplification during polymerase chain reaction. It tests fewer targets at once but often provides more sensitive targeted quantification.
Gene expression signature: A characteristic pattern of gene expression associated with a biological state or condition. Arrays made it feasible to identify multigene patterns linked to diseases and treatments.

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