Dualism

Dualism is a worldview that explains reality through two fundamental and often opposing principles. Its forms differ in which principles they distinguish and how those principles relate.

Monism: The view that reality is ultimately grounded in one fundamental substance or principle. It contrasts with dualism by reducing apparent plurality to a single underlying reality.
Interactionism: The view that mental and physical events can causally affect one another. It explains dualist mind–body relations through two-way causal influence.
Plato: An ancient Greek philosopher whose dialogues explore Forms, knowledge, and the soul. His account of the soul and intelligible Forms shaped later dualist traditions.
Physicalism: The view that everything that exists is physical or depends ultimately on the physical. It rejects a fundamental nonphysical principle, especially in debates about the mind.
Pluralism: The view that reality contains several irreducible kinds of being or fundamental principles. It extends dualism beyond two fundamental principles.
Epiphenomenalism: The view that mental events are caused by physical events but do not cause physical events. It preserves mental distinctness while denying that the mind acts back on the body.
Plato's theory of Forms: The view that eternal, intelligible Forms are more fundamental than their changing sensible instances. It distinguishes the intelligible realm from the changing world perceived by the senses.
Idealism: The view that reality is fundamentally mental, mind-dependent, or constituted by ideas. It offers a single mental foundation instead of dualism’s two fundamental domains.
Substance: A basic entity or kind of being understood as existing independently of its properties. Substance dualism treats mind and matter as distinct fundamental kinds of being.
Occasionalism: The view that God causes apparent interactions between created substances on each occasion. It offers a theological solution to the interaction problem between mind and body.

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