Early Islamic conquests

The seventh- and eighth-century military expansions of the early Muslim polity beyond Arabia, creating a vast realm across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Central Asia.

Ridda Wars: A series of seventh-century campaigns by the Rashidun Caliphate against Arabian tribes that rejected its authority after Muhammad’s death. Their outcome reunited much of Arabia and freed forces for campaigns beyond the peninsula.
Muhammad: The religious and political leader whose preaching established the Muslim community in seventh-century Arabia. His community's formation and unification of much of Arabia preceded the posthumous expansion.
Islamization: The historical spread of Islam among populations and across societies. Political conquest preceded gradual, uneven religious change in many regions.
Muslim conquest of the Levant: The seventh-century campaigns that brought Syria and Palestine under Muslim rule. This theater saw the defeat of Byzantine forces and the transfer of key cities.
Battle of Yarmouk: A 636 battle in which Rashidun forces defeated the Byzantine army in Syria. The victory broke Byzantine military resistance in much of the Levant.
Abu Bakr: The first caliph, who led the Muslim community from 632 to 634. He led the Ridda Wars and began campaigns beyond Arabia.
Arabization: The adoption and spread of Arabic language and culture among populations. Arabic gained administrative and cultural prominence in territories brought under Muslim rule.
Muslim conquest of Egypt: The campaigns of 639–642 through which Rashidun forces took Egypt from the Byzantine Empire. Egypt became a major province after a rapid campaign and negotiated surrender.
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah: A battle, usually dated to 636 or 637, in which Rashidun forces defeated the Sasanian army in Iraq. Its outcome opened the way for the conquest of the Sasanian heartland.
Umar: The second caliph, who ruled from 634 to 644 during major territorial expansions. Conquests of Syria, Egypt, and much of the Sasanian realm occurred under his rule.

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