Electric battery

An electric battery converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy through one or more electrochemical cells. It supplies current through spontaneous oxidation–reduction reactions at its electrodes.

Electrochemical cell: A device in which chemical reactions produce an electrical potential difference or use electricity to drive chemical change. A battery consists of one or more cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
Electromotive force: The energy supplied per unit electric charge by a source, expressed in volts. It describes the ideal voltage a battery can provide before internal losses.
Primary battery: An electrochemical battery designed for a single discharge rather than electrical recharging. Primary batteries store reactants internally but are not intended to be recharged.
Lithium-ion battery: A rechargeable battery that transfers lithium ions between electrodes during charging and discharging. Its high energy density and rechargeability make it common in portable devices and electric vehicles.
Battery recycling: The recovery of materials from used batteries for reuse or safe processing. Recycling can recover valuable metals and reduce waste from growing battery use.
Redox reaction: A chemical reaction in which electrons transfer between species, changing their oxidation states. Electron transfer at the electrodes releases the chemical energy that drives battery current.
Electric current: The rate at which electric charge passes through a conductor or circuit. Battery current measures the flow of charge delivered to a connected device.
Rechargeable battery: A battery whose electrochemical reactions can be reversed by applying electrical energy. Rechargeable batteries restore their stored chemical energy through charging.
Lead–acid battery: A rechargeable battery using lead-based electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte. Its low cost and high starting current support widespread use in vehicles and backup systems.
Critical minerals: Minerals considered economically important and vulnerable to supply disruption. Some battery chemistries depend on minerals whose extraction and supply chains raise strategic concerns.

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