Embedded system

An embedded system is a computer built into a larger device to perform dedicated functions. It combines hardware and software, often under tight limits on timing, power, memory, or cost.

Microcontroller: An integrated circuit containing a processor, memory, and peripherals for controlling electronic devices. Many embedded systems use one to run control logic and communicate with hardware.
Microprocessor: A processor implemented as an integrated circuit that executes instructions and coordinates computation. It is the computing core in embedded designs that use a separate processor chip.
Automotive embedded system: An embedded computer used to monitor or control functions in a vehicle. Vehicles contain networked controllers for functions such as braking and engine management.
General-purpose computer: A computer designed to run a broad range of applications rather than one narrowly defined function. Its flexible workload contrasts with an embedded system's device-specific role.
Functional safety: The part of overall safety that depends on a system operating correctly in response to inputs or faults. Failures in embedded controllers can create hazards in vehicles, machinery, and medical equipment.
Real-time operating system: An operating system designed to schedule tasks so they meet specified timing deadlines. It coordinates concurrent tasks when predictable response times matter.
Random-access memory: Volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use by a computer. Its capacity and power use constrain the software an embedded device can run.
Industrial control system: A computer-based system that monitors or controls industrial processes. Embedded controllers operate machinery and regulate processes in factories and infrastructure.
Personal computer: A general-purpose computer intended for use by an individual. A personal computer typically supports varied user-installed applications, unlike a dedicated device controller.
IEC 61508: An international standard for the functional safety of electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic systems. It provides a general safety framework used for embedded control systems.

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